ABSTRACT
The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group (3 villages in each group). Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group (51.2%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.8%) (P<0.001). Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Case-Control Studies , China , Delivery of Health Care , Methods , Health Education , Methods , Rural Population , Smoking Prevention , Tobacco Use CessationABSTRACT
The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group (3 villages in each group). Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group (51.2%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.8%) (P<0.001). Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cigarette smoke induces an acute but persisting inflammation in peripheral blood and airway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and CD8(+) Tc-lymphocytes are considered as a key role in this process. We aimed to investigate the Tc-lymphocytes immunodeviation in system and local airway of COPD patients and changes of the immunodeviation after short-term smoking cessation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected from 42 patients (14 COPD patients, 16 smokers with normal lung function and 12 nonsmokers), while PB and induced sputum (IS) were obtained from other 19 patients (10 quitting smokers and 9 continuing smokers) at baseline and follow-up respectively of 4-week smoking cessation. Percentages of CD8(+) Tc-lymphocytes (%CD3(+)) and Tc1/Tc2 ratios were measured by flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Percentages of CD8(+) Tc-lymphocytes were higher in COPD patients than those in smokers and nonsmokers in both PB and BALF. Tc1/Tc2 ratio in PB and in BALF from COPD patients was greater than that from smokers and nonsmokers and negatively correlated with FEV1 %pre. When comparing the ratios between PB and BALF, significantly positive correlation was found in COPD patients. Furthermore, after 4-week smoking cessation, percentages of CD8(+) Tc-lymphocytes in PB and IS in quitting smokers were decreased compared to that in baseline and continuing smokers, whereas Tc1/Tc2 ratios were not influenced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CD8(+) Tc1-trend immunodeviation profiles occurred in both system and local airway of COPD patients. This exceptional immunodeviation could not be relieved by short-term smoking cessation.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Allergy and Immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Allergy and Immunology , Lung , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Allergy and Immunology , Smoking Cessation , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Numerous studies have been done to explore the association between mannose-binding lectin two (MBL2) gene polymorphisms and the risk of tuberculosis (TB). However, the results are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate whether polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene were associated with TB risk. Databases including PubMed, Medline, Chinese Biomedicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and Weipu Database were searched to find relevant articles published up to 2 October, 2012. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the strength of association. All statistical tests were performed by using Revman 5.1 software and STATA 11.0 software. Six case-control studies including 1106 cases and 1190 controls were accepted in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that individuals carrying the MBL2 codon 54 B allele may have an increased risk of TB as compared with AA homozygotes (BB+AB vs. AA: OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.22-1.88), whereas MBL2 +4 P/Q was possibly not associated with TB susceptibility in Chinese population.
ABSTRACT
Numerous studies have been done to explore the association between mannose-binding lectin two (MBL2) gene polymorphisms and the risk of tuberculosis (TB). However, the results are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate whether polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene were associated with TB risk. Databases including PubMed, Medline, Chinese Biomedicine Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and Weipu Database were searched to find relevant articles published up to 2 October, 2012. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the strength of association. All statistical tests were performed by using Revman 5.1 software and STATA 11.0 software. Six case-control studies including 1106 cases and 1190 controls were accepted in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that individuals carrying the MBL2 codon 54 B allele may have an increased risk of TB as compared with AA homozygotes (BB+AB vs. AA: OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.22-1.88), whereas MBL2 +4 P/Q was possibly not associated with TB susceptibility in Chinese population.